CIRRA | IRCWR

Centro Internacional de Referência em Reúso de Água

Types of Reuse

Reuse for aqua-culture

Reuse for aqua-culture The fertilization of aqua-culture ponds with wastewater and excreta has been practiced for thousand of years in Asia. Today it is largely utilized in countries like India and Peru for growing carp and tilapia and certain aquatic crops such as water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis and E. tuberosa), water […]

Industrial Reuse

There are many uses of reclaimed wastewater for industrial purposes. Each may require specific levels of treatment. Evaporative cooling towers, which are usual to most industries and power stations require large amounts of make up water which can be provided by reclaimed wastewater. Other industrial uses are for boilers, stack scrubbing, washing of patios and […]

Non-potable urban reuse

Irrigation of public parks, recreation centers, sports fields, school yards; green strips along urban streets and roadside strips; gardens, public parks; irrigation of golf courses; ornamental landscapes and decorative water features, such as fountains, water tables and waterfalls; fire supply; toilet and urinal flushing in commercial, industrial and residential buildings; washing of trains and vehicles, […]

Aquifer recharge

Artificial recharge is the process by which treated wastewater or any other surface water is directed into the ground to replenish an aquifer. The most common purpose of artificial recharge is to store water in times of surplus to meet water demands in times of shortage. However, artificial recharge can also be used to reduce […]

Reuse for agriculture

Reuse for agriculture On a world-wide basis, wastewater is the most widely used low-quality water, particularly for agriculture and aqua-culture. This high level of demand, associated to scarcity of water resources leads to the consideration that wastewater irrigation of crops as well as for other rural uses should be taken as priority. Treated effluents can […]

CIRRA© 2016. Avenida Professor Lúcio Martins Rodrigues, 120 Butantã - São Paulo - SP. Tel: (11) 3039-3273. E-mail: cirra@usp.br